Bibliografía

1. Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) – Guía Española de la EPOC (GesEPOC). Versión 2017. Arch Bronconeumol 2017; 53 (Supl 1): 1-52

2. Miravitlles M, Calle M, Soler-Cataluña JJ. GesEPOC 2021: One more step towards personalized treatment of COPD. Arch Bronconeumol. 2021; 57:9-10.

3. Alcázar Navarrete B, Ancochea Bermúdez J, García-Río F, Izquierdo Alonso JL, Miravitlles M, et al. Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Recommendations for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care. Arch Bronconeumol. 2019; 55:478-487

4. Miravitlles M, Calle M, Molina J, Almagro P, Gómez JT, Trigueros JA, et al. Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC): Updated pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. Arch Bronconeumol 2021 Mar 17: S0300-2896/21)00103-4. Doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.005.

5. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Miralles C. Exacerbation syndrome in COPD: A paradigm shift. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:246-8.

6. Alonso-Coello P, Rigau D, Juliana Sanabria A, Plaza V, Miravitlles M, Martínez L. Calidad y fuerza: el sistema GRADE para la formulación de recomendaciones en las guías de práctica clínica. Arch Bronconeumol 2013; 49: 261-267.

7. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Frequent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbators: how much real, how much fictitious?. COPD 2010; 4:276-84.

8. Parker CM, Voduc N, Aaron SD, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Physiologic changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26:420-8.

9. Perera WR, Hurst JR, Wilkinson TMA, Sapsford RJ, Müllerova H, Donaldson GC, et al. Inflammatory changes, recovery and recurrence at COPD exacerbation. Eur Respir J. 2007; 29:527-34

10. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedizcha J. Usufulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999; 54:581-85.

11. Abroug F, Quanes-Besbes L, Nciri N, Sellami N, Addad F, Ben Hamda K, et al. Association of left-heart dysfunction with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disaase. Diagnostic performance of cardiac biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174: 990-6.

12. Andrijevic I, Milutinov S, Crvenkovic ZL, Matijasevic J, Andrijevic A, Kovacevic T, et al. N-Terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as a diagnostic biomarker of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Lung 2018; 196:583-90.

13. Chang CL, Robinson SC, Mills GD, Sullivan GD, Karalus NC, McLachlan JD, et al. Biochemical markers of cardiac dysfunction predict mortality in acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2011; 66:764-8.

14. Saleh A, López-campos JL, Hartl S, Pozo-Rodríguez F, Roberts CM, European COPD Team. The effect of incidental consolidation on managmenent and outcomes in COPD exacerbations: data from the European COPD Audit. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0134004.

15. Williams NP, Ostridge K, Devaster JM, Kim V, Coombs N, Bourne S, et al. Impact of radiologically stratified exacerbations: insights into pneumonia aetiology in COPD. Respir Res 2018; 19:143.

16. Park HJ, Kim SH, Kim HC, Lee BY, Lee SW, Lee JS, et al. Utility of computed tomography in a differential diagnosis for the patients with an initial diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Tuberc Respir Dis 2019; 82:234-41.

17. Huerta A, Crisafulli E, Menéndez R, Martínez R, Soler N, Guerrero M, et al. Pneumonic and non-pneumonic exacerbations of COPD: inflammatory response and clinical characteristics. Chest 2013; 144:1134-42.

18. García Sanz MT, González Barcala FJ. Establishing the Prognosis of COPD Exacerbations Using Risk Scales from the Point of View of the Emergency Department. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56:63-64.

19. Shorr AF, Sun X, Johannes R, Yaitanes A, Tabak YP. Validation of a novel risk score for severity of illness in acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2011; 140:1177-83.

20. Steer J, Norman EM, Afolabi OA, Gibson GJ, Bourke SC. Dyspnea severity and pneumonia as predictors of in-hospital mortality and early readmission in acute exacerbation of COPD. Thorax 2012; 67:117-21.

21. Steer J, Gibson J, Bourke SC. The DECAF score: predicting hospital mortality in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2012; 67:970-76.

22. Echevarria C, Steer J, Heslop-Marshall K, Stenton SC, Hickey PM, Hughes R, et al. Validation of the DECAF score to predict hospital mortality in acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2016; 71:133-40

23. Huang Q, He C, Xiong H, Shuai T, Zhang C, Zhang M, et al. DECAF score as mortality predictor for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e037923.

24. Sapey E, Stockley A. COPD exacerbations: aetiology. Thorax. 2006; 61: 250-8.

25. Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, Hill SL. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000; 117:1638-45.

26. Soler N, Agustí C, Angrill J, Puig de la Bellacasa J, Torres A. Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2007; 62: 29-35.

27. Ritchie AI, Wedzicha JA. Definition, causes, pathogenesis, and consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Clin Chest Med 2020; 41:421-38.

28. Perotin JM, Dury S, Renois F. Detection of multiple viral and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot prospective study. J Med Virol 2013; 85:866–73

29. Li Z, Yuan X, Yu L, Wang B, Gao F, Ma J. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An updated meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(32): e16775

30. Francis NA, Gillespie D, White P, Bates J, Lowe R, Sewell B, et al. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for safely reducing antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the PACE RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020;24(15):1-108.

31. Butler CC, Gillespie D, White P, Bates J, Lowe R, Thomas-Jones E, et al. C-Reactive Protein Testing to Guide Antibiotic Prescribing for COPD Exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(2):111-20.

32. Ni W, Bao J, Yang D, Xi W, Wang K, Xu Y, et al. Potential of serum procalcitonin in predicting bacterial exacerbation and guiding antibiotic administration in severe COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2019;51(9):639-50.

33. Metlay JP, Waterer G, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:e45-e67.

34. Torres A, Barberán J, Ceccato A, Martín-Loeches I, Ferrer M, Menéndez R, et al. Neumonía intrahospitalaria. Normativa de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR). Actualización 2020. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56(Supl 1):11-9

35. Agusti A, Bel E, Thomas M, Vogelmeier C, Brusselle G, Holgate S, et al. Treatable traits: toward precision medicine of chronic airway diseases. Eur Respir J 2016; 47(2): 410-419.

36. Pérez de Llano L, Miravitlles M, Golpe R, Alvarez-Gutiérrez FJ, Cisneros C, Almonacid C, et al. A Proposed Approach to Chronic Airway Disease (CAD) Using Therapeutic Goals and Treatable Traits: A Look to the Future. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020; 15: 2091-2100.

37. Uresandi F, Monreal M, García-Bragado F, Domenech P, Lecumberri R, Escribano P, et al. Consenso nacional sobre el diagnóstico, estratificación de riesgo y tratamiento de los pacientes con tromboembolia pulmonar. Arch Bronconeumol 2013; 49:534-47

38. Jönck L, Mazzali RR, Kaszubowsk E, Maurici R. Lung ultrasound for the emergency diagnosis of pneumonia, acute heart failure, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonar disease/asthma in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Emerg Med 2019; 56:53-69.

39. Wangüemert A, Cases E. Thoracic Ultrasound: Present and Future. Arch Bronconeumol 2019; 55:455-6

40. Lim SY, Lim G, Lee YJ, Cho YJ, Park JS, Yoon HI, et al. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Int J Chron Obstr Pulm Dis 2019; 14:2479-84.

41. Lichtenstein DA, Mezière GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. The BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134:117-125.

42. Bekgoz B, Kilicaslan I, Bildik F, Keles A, Demircan A, Hakoglu O, et al. BLUE protocol ultrasonography in emergency department patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37:2020-27.

43. Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1128-38

44. McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, Bach PB. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest 2001; 119:1190-209.

45. Turner MO, Patel A, Ginsburg S, FitzGerald JM. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:1736-44.

46. Di Marco F, Verga M, Santus P, Morelli N, Cazzola M, Centanni S. Effect of formoterol, tiotropium, and their combination in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Respir Med. 2006; 100:1925-32

47. Wedzicha JA, Miravitlles M, Hurst JR, Calverley PMA, Albert RK, Anzueto A, et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: A European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS) guideline. Eur Respir J 2017; 49: 1600791

48. Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD010257

49. Llor C, Moragas A, Hernandez S, Bayona C, Miravitlles M. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186(8):716-23.

50. Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M, Besbes L, Elatrous S, Abroug F. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358:2020-5

51. Menéndez R, Cilloniz C, España PP, Almirall J, Uranga A, Méndez R, et al. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Spanish society of pulmonology and thoracic surgery (SEPAR) guidelines. 2020 Update. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56 (Suppl 1):1-10.

52. González J, Candel FJ, de la Fuente J, Gordo F, Martín-Sánchez FJ, Menéndez R, et al. Manejo integral del paciente con exacerbación de la EPOC. Rev Esp Quimioter 2018; 31:461-84.

53. de la Rosa Carrillo D, López-Campos JL, Alcázar Navarrete B, Calle Rubio M, Cantón Moreno R, García-Rivero JL, et al. Consensus document on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic bronchial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56:651-64.

54. Walters JAE, Tan DJ, White CJ, Gibson PG, Wood-Baker R, Walters EH. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD001288. 

55. Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, Mistry V, Pancholi M, Venge P, et al. Blood analysis to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 ; 186 :48-55

56. Sivapalan P, Lapperre TS, Janner J, Laub RR, Moberg M, Bech CS, et al. Eosinophil-guided corticosteroid therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COPD exacerbation (CORTICO-COP): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019; 7:699-709

57. Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Bingisser R, Bodmer M, Briel M, Drescher T, et al. Short-term vs Conventional Glucocorticoid Therapy in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The REDUCE Randomized Clinical Trial.  JAMA 2013; 309: 2223-31.

58. Otero R, Grau E, Jiménez D, Uresandi F, López JL, Calderón E, et al. Profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboémbólica venosa. Arch Bronconeumol. 2008; 44:160-9.

59. Wood-Baker R, Cochrane B, Naughton MT. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the impact of bronchodilator treatment. Intern Med 2010; 40:94-101.

60. Pisani L, Astuto M, Prediletto I, Longhini F. High flow through nasal cannula in exacerbated COPD patients: a systematic review. Pulmonology 2019; 25:348-354

61. Pilcher J, Eastlake L, Richards M, Power S, Cripps T, Bibby S, et al. Physiological effects of titrated oxygen via nasal high-flow cannulae in COPD exacerbations: a randomized controlled cross-over trial. Respirology 2017; 22:1149-55.

62. Bräunlich J, Wirtz H. Nasal high flow in acute hypercapnic exacerbation of COPD. Int J COPD. 2018; 13:3995–97. 

63. Lee MK, Choi J, Park B, Kim B, Lee SJ, Kim SH, et al. High flow nasal cannulae oxygen therapy in acute-moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure. Clin Respir J. 2018; 12:2046–2056. 

64. Sun J, Li Y, Ling B, Zhu Q, Hu Y, Tan D, et al. High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute-moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure: an observational cohort study. Int J Chron Obstr Pulm Dis. 2019; 14:1229–39. 

65. Cortegiani A, Longhini F, Madotto F, Groff P, Scala R, et al. High flow nasal therapy versus noninvasive ventilation as initial ventilatory strategy in COPD exacerbation: a multicenter non-inferiority randomized trial. Crit Care 2020; 24:692.

66. Lightowler JV, Wedzicha JA, Elliott MW, Ram FS. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 326:185-7.

67. Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Walters EH, Steurer J. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD005305

68. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Marzo M, Catalán P, Miralles C, Alcazar B, Miravitlles M. Validation of clinical control in COPD as a new tool for optimizing treatment. Int J Chron Obstr Pulm Dis 2018; 13: 3719-3731.

69. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Alcázar B, Miravitlles M. Clinical Control in COPD: A New Therapeutic Objective? Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 56: 68-69. 

70. Miravitlles M, Sliwinski P, Rhee CK, Costello RW, Carter V, Tan JHY, et al. Changes in control status of COPD over time and their Consequences: A prospective International Study. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57: 122-129.

71. Soler-Cataluña JJ, Alcázar B, Marzo M, Pérez J, Miravitlles M. Evaluation of changes in control status in COPD: An opportunity for early intervention. Chest 2020; 157:1138-1146.

72. Cosio BG, Shafiek H, Verdú J, Fiorentino F, Valera JL, Martínez R, et al. Implementation of an integrated care model for frequent-exacerbator COPD patients: a controlled prospective study. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; DOI. 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.025.